As far as I know there has never been any option to lock after a period of time. The “lock” button is always immediate because the notes will auto lock when bear has been “slept” in the background.
In my case, it’s currently set to “2 minutes” with options ranging from “Immediately” up to “1 hour”, but, similar to @thomas28, I’m unable to change the value. To be precise, I can choose any of the available settings, but when I leave & return to the privacy setting it always shows “2 minutes” again. So, it looks like @thomas28 is stuck with “Immediately” and I’m stuck with “2 minutes” for this setting until an update to iOS fixes the bug and allows changes to this setting to be persisted.